What Information About Diversity in the United States Has Helped You Better Understand or Relate to Others in Ways That Essay Example

What Information About Diversity in the United States Has Helped You Better Understand or Relate to Others in Ways That Essay The information that I have learned about diversity in the United States of America has helped me better understand and relate to others in many ways. The United States of America is a giant melting pot of several different races, ethnicities, and cultures. What I have learned is that each group has their differences and similarities. With these differences in culture they have taught me how to be tolerant and accepting of them no matter how different from me they appear. By accepting the differences in our diverse society I have learned new thoughts and ideas of living, different perspectives of thinking, and have been introduced to a variety of foods that I have never tried before. All in all, it seems in the end that many racial and ethnic groups are different, but they share one common interest which is to love one another and be happy. The most beneficial thing to our society would be the focus on the main interest of all, instead of focusing on how different we are when compared to one another. Focusing on the differences between one another and judging others based on them was something that was done in the past. However, I had come to realize that focusing on the differences and closing the opportunity to learn about other cultures, races, and ethnicities was hindering me in life. What I have learned about my Irish ethnicity has been quite an experience for me. I have learned that the Irish were put through many years of suffering when they immigrated to the United States of America. The Irish immigrants were considered uneducated and unworthy. We will write a custom essay sample on What Information About Diversity in the United States Has Helped You Better Understand or Relate to Others in Ways That specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Information About Diversity in the United States Has Helped You Better Understand or Relate to Others in Ways That specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Information About Diversity in the United States Has Helped You Better Understand or Relate to Others in Ways That specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In many ways the Irish were perceived to be on the same level as African Americans. Irish immigrants were put into slavery, given jobs that nobody else would take, weren’t paid well, and were forced to live in unfit conditions and only with other Irish. The United States population will change in many ways by the year 2050. Since the beginning of the United States, whites have been a clear majority of the country. However, according to the United States Census Bureau projections by the year 2050, minority groups are predicted to account for 49. percent of the United States population. Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans will experience the most dramatic increases between now and 2050. This will happen when the United States population has grown close to 50 percent to reach 420 million. Racial and ethnic changes are happening faster than expected, due to the higher than predicted immigration rates for Asian and Hispanic Americans. Historically, the United States of America h as been a â€Å"white and black† country, but that’s not true any longer and even less true for the future. The reason why I believe this is true is because it is factual information derived from data trends recorded by the United States Census Bureau. A challenge that the United Sates of America faces due to the diversity of its people would be cultural pluralism. In reality cultural pluralism tends to promote anger from the indigenous culture towards the new coming culture. The United States of America needs to get rid of the entire label of hyphen Americans; we are one country and should be one as individuals. Having different ethnic or racial groups segregating themselves creates a â€Å"salad bowl† rather than a â€Å"melting pot†. This leads to animosity and not acceptance. This nation will not foster a climate of acceptance until people shed themselves of the old mantras of the under class or victim class and start seeing themselves as equals. The benefits of a diverse society in the United States are many. For example, diversity in society helps us to grow as individuals and open our minds to different ways of life. When you become exposed to different ways to live, and see how other cultures carry on then you are no longer closed to the idea that we are all different in some way, and those differences can be meaningful in our lives. When it comes to diversity it also promotes more tolerance. In terms of being tolerant that means diversity can help us accept other culture, and even adapt some of their ways into our society. The point is, we are all different. Yet the differences that we have between us can be used to strengthen society as we know it. Diversity enables us to have the opportunity to learn, develop, and understand different ways of living, and experience our lives to the fullest. Without diversity, we are closed or boarded off in our own worlds. But with it, we expand our knowledge and we are no longer ignorant. When you are aware of the differences and embrace them, then you have taken the blind fold off to living differently and you are a better person for it. The key is exposure and using what you learned to increase more tolerance and decrease things such as racism. To foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States of America we must be accepting of other cultures, identities, and nationalities, we must embrace differences, rather than expecting others to conform to our American, English-speaking culture. One way to embrace cultural or language differences is to offer more alternative-language support in public places, such as grocery stores (for example, on price labels or packaging), in public transportation (for example, on buses and trains), and on street signs. To create a climate of acceptance, we must create ways for other cultures to exist in America without having to learn the â€Å"American† way. We can also host cultural-related activities such as parades, festivals, etc. , where both people of other cultures and American can go to express their culture or learn about other cultures. The best way to foster cultural acceptance, however, is to start at the primary level which are teaching our children, in schools, about different cultures, without making suggestions that one culture is better than the other. We must respect and accommodate other cultures in order to create cultural pluralism, rather than the cultural â€Å"melting pot† that we currently have. Stereotyping and prejudice in the media are unavoidable. This is especially true when it comes to advertising, entertainment, and news industries because they need a wide range of audiences to effectively and quickly understand information. Stereotypes used by the media are like codes for the audience to give them a quick and common understanding of a group of individuals usually relating to race, social class, gender, sexual orientation, or occupation. For example, the joke that was made by the KTVU news station about the names of crew members who were on the Asiana airline flight that crashed. Some of these names broadcasted by the news channel were â€Å"Wi Tu Lo† and Captain Sum Ting Wong. Another example of how the media perpetuates stereotyping and prejudice in the media is by always noting the race of an individual who has committed a crime especially if they are from a minority group. I think the media first encourages tolerance of diversity, by introducing us to types of people we may not normally encounter, and then we are later led to a greater appreciation of said diversity. Also, by learning about diverse cultures such as their cuisine, land, customs, or beliefs we may find a common ground or a point which we may find fascinating, leading to our appreciation of that culture. For example, there are many television shows such as Food Network cooking shows like Top Chef that give insight on the diverse foods of various culture, ethnicities, and races. The only way individuals can work together with the United States to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity is by awareness. Only with an acknowledgment of prejudicial learning can the false or inaccurate information be dealt with in a manner which is likely to bring about change. It’s obvious that if we can’t discuss it, we surely can’t attempt or try to change. To be more inclusive and pluralistic, one could always make a point of thinking things through from other people’s viewpoint before speaking or acting out of impulsion. In particular, trying or attempting to see things from the eyes of people who are from very different backgrounds to your own. Institution and behavior does not change overnight. The process by which successful countries have achieved inclusive and pluralistic institutions has been a long one. The English started in the seventeenth century by allowing representation of only 10 percent of the male population, with laws far from where they are today. This is an evolutionary and revolutionary process. Still, banks can advocate for inclusivity and pluralism and can move beyond business as usual in our programs as we the people deal with the outcome of poorly performing institutions such as weak educational and health care systems. References† Keita P. Gwendolyn (2007) U. S. diversity breakthroughs and challenges. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www. apa. org/monitor/apr07/itpi. aspx CNN (2008) Minorities expected to be majority in 2050. CNN. Retrieved from http://www. cnn. com/2008/US/08/13/census. minorities/ Miller C. William (1976) Fostering a Commitment to Cultural Pluralism. ASCD. Retrieved from http://ascd. org/Default. aspx Jiwani Yasmin (2013) Racism and the Media. Stop Racism and Hate Collective. Retrieved from http://www. stopracism. a/content/racism-and-media Chaves Linda (1997) Fostering Appreciation for Cultural Diversity: Recognizing America’s Changing Complexion. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Retrieved from http://www. preservationnation. org/forum/library/public-articles/fostering-appreciation-for-cultural-diversity. html Hawley Willis (2013) Strategies for Reducing Racial and Ethnic Prejudice: Essential Principles for Program Design. Teaching Tolerance. Retrieved from http://www. tolerance. org/supplement/strategies-reducing-racial-and-ethnic-prejudice-essential-pr

Free Essays on Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

1 FUSION WELDING Fusion welding is a joining process in which the coalescence of metals is accomplished by fusion. The major fusion welding processes are listed below: Gas welding Oxyacetylene gas welding (OAW) Arc welding Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) Plasma arc welding (PAW) Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) Submerged arc welding (SAW) Electroslag welding (ESW) High-energy beam welding Electro beam welding (EBW) Laser beam welding (LBW) 1.1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) 1.1.1 Description of the Process GTAW consists of an AC/DC arc burning between a non-consumable electrode and the work piece to melt the joint area. The area of the arc is enveloped in a protective gas shield which protects the weld pool and electrode from contamination while allowing a stable arc to be maintained. The filler wire is added either by hand, or in the mechanized process, by feed rollers attached to the torch. 1.1.2 Application Common applications consists of high quality welding on stainless steels; aluminium and its alloys; copper; nickel alloys and rare materials such as titanium and zirconium. Mild steels are welded when full penetration welds are required within certain tolerances, both in size and x-ray quality. Used widely in the aerospace, chemical and nuclear industries. 1.1.3 Electrical Conditions DC (direct current) - most normally used for GTAW welding of stainless steels and heat resisting steels, mild and low alloy steels, copper, nickel alloys, lead, silver, titanium and other metals that do not contain aluminium, magnesium or their alloys. The electrode must be connected to the negative terminal, where one third of the heat is generated. Two thirds of the heat of the arc is generated at the positive pole. A tungsten electrode connected to the positive pole would overheat and melt causing... Free Essays on Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Free Essays on Gas Tungsten Arc Welding 1 FUSION WELDING Fusion welding is a joining process in which the coalescence of metals is accomplished by fusion. The major fusion welding processes are listed below: Gas welding Oxyacetylene gas welding (OAW) Arc welding Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) Plasma arc welding (PAW) Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) Submerged arc welding (SAW) Electroslag welding (ESW) High-energy beam welding Electro beam welding (EBW) Laser beam welding (LBW) 1.1 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) 1.1.1 Description of the Process GTAW consists of an AC/DC arc burning between a non-consumable electrode and the work piece to melt the joint area. The area of the arc is enveloped in a protective gas shield which protects the weld pool and electrode from contamination while allowing a stable arc to be maintained. The filler wire is added either by hand, or in the mechanized process, by feed rollers attached to the torch. 1.1.2 Application Common applications consists of high quality welding on stainless steels; aluminium and its alloys; copper; nickel alloys and rare materials such as titanium and zirconium. Mild steels are welded when full penetration welds are required within certain tolerances, both in size and x-ray quality. Used widely in the aerospace, chemical and nuclear industries. 1.1.3 Electrical Conditions DC (direct current) - most normally used for GTAW welding of stainless steels and heat resisting steels, mild and low alloy steels, copper, nickel alloys, lead, silver, titanium and other metals that do not contain aluminium, magnesium or their alloys. The electrode must be connected to the negative terminal, where one third of the heat is generated. Two thirds of the heat of the arc is generated at the positive pole. A tungsten electrode connected to the positive pole would overheat and melt causing...

Ben and Jerry

Their mission statement included three dimensions; product, economic, and social. Their objectives were not always in harmony, however. They’ve had to sacrifice some objectives to meet others, for example they didn’t want to rice prices due to the fact they wanted to be a â€Å"ice cream for the people† company, but had to sacrifice the social objective in order to stay in business. Of their three mission statement objectives, their social consciousness seems to be their leading objective. BenJerry donates 7. 5% of their pretax earnings to charities and foundations. I think that the current takeover offers are justifiable. The pre-offer announcement share prices were $21 per share. The price per share as of November 1999 was $25. The worth to the bidders is in the brand name of BenJerry, and in the eyes on the ice cream consumers, BenJerry’s is a respectable brand. Given that the sales per-share were . 34, their bids are in line with that. The EPS is $1. 06 per-share. Morgan should support one of the acquisition offers. The company in recent years hasn’t done as well, and some of the offers are very intriguing. They are overpaying in comparison to the pre-offer share price of $21 per share, and in the likely event that BenJerry’s can survive on its own, its best to take one of the offers and merge with a company who may have better advantages. Its his job to look out for the shareholder and not the com

The Handmaid's Tale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Handmaid's Tale - Essay Example Offred is placed to serve under the commander and Serena. The age of infertility has reduced Gilead to offer the provision of demeaning women freedom. Offred serves as the example of the limited freedom presented within the society as the chores that she has been assigned with to complete present restriction within the society. Women are restricted and offered the challenge of progressing within the society as the captives converted into Handmaids. Offred had been declined to a demeaning routine that saw the creation of limited opportunity for the progress of women in a disruptive community. However, Atwood includes a solution in the rebellion Mayday that the Handmaid Ofglen belongs to, and the organization plots to overthrow Gilead to restore freedom to the society. The events within the tale suggest the achievement of redemption in the rebellious group and the quest to seek lost love that has been within the previous regime. Through the character selection with the main character O ffred, Atwood combines bold language and reference to develop a dystopian society within Gilead. Offred, as the leading character, directs the reader to discover a changed society from the traditional U.S. that presents freedom ad free ideology. This mechanism is achieved through the application of flashback that explains the affair that she has had with her lover in Luke. The society presented had offered minimal opportunity for advances, and she failed to find the similar affection as in the previous regime. Atwood writes, â€Å"What I feel towards them is blankness. What I feel is that I must not feel. What I feel is partly relief, because none of these men is Luke. Luke wasn't a doctor. Isn't,† (Atwood 33). Offred explains that she has lost a remarkable past that promised better lifestyle and resolution to her miserable progress. The events that had led to the loss of her lover and daughter did not impair her judgment to recognize her achievement. Atwood’s vibrant reference to the moral decay within the society serves as the lesson to highlight the use of humanity as tools to impress a tyrannical regime. She explained the role created in the Handmaid that represented the immorality within Gilead. Offred had been used as the tool of the Commander, and served to sexually satisfy the family and conceive children. This is presented in her position as the Handmaid to the house, and she struggled with the lifestyle that had been established. The Republic of Gilead is depicted as the environment that harbored injustice and tolerated moral degradation in demeaning the role of the woman. Atwood recognizes this provision through bold imagery and reference to sexual situations that the Handmaids has been subjected to tolerate. Atwood explains that sex is applied as a tool to progress and has lost its meaning in the Gilead society. â€Å"I'm not talking about sex, he says. That was part of it, the sex was too easy,† (Atwood 210). The phrase is app lied to explain that sex has lost its true meaning and is used by the dictators as a means of pleasure with women serving as objects to be manipulated. The role is referred to the Handmaids that were considered servants after being enslaved. Atwood develops the role of the Handmaids who were trained under Aunt Lydia, but issues the recognition of the weakness of the male character due to love. Aunt Lydia serves as the character that shaped the recognition o

Concept on synthesis on personal nursing philosopy Essay

Concept on synthesis on personal nursing philosopy - Essay Example concepts are aimed at increasing the responsibility of practitioners in the field as well enable medical institutions set instructional requirements in the organizational setting. In general, the concepts exhaust all the factors that may affect the field of nursing. This is made possible by four way categorical division of issues that affect the field. Each concept is divided into sections that address the problems that may affect the metaparadigm. The four concepts are (Keating, 2011); Keating (2011) is of the assumption that the concepts cover the nursing field extensively in terms of providing recommendations to tackle basic nursing problems. Moreover, the issue in nursing cannot be prevented without putting them in functional categories of problem solving. For instance, it may be a hectic task to tackle the issue affects the concept of environment under the same provisions in the concept of health. This metaparadigm focuses on the challenges and issue that affect the patients in regards to service delivery. Across the field, service delivery to customer is created by the ability of a practitioner to embrace the requirements by the patient population. However, the concept seeks to understand the appropriateness of client demands. In an argument by Keith (2008) the human nature in nursing is considered under physiology, psychology, cultural, spiritual and social perceptions. The five provisions ensure service delivery is obtained without the creation of conflict with patients social affiliations. For instance, it is an obvious assumption that different social and cultural affiliations have specific social preferences. Considering the cultural depth in the modern society, a medical practitioner should be able to deal with the challenges presented by these social preferences. For example, a patient may embrace the assumption that euthanasia is against their religious views and bel iefs. A nurse should be able to understand these personal requirements and address

Three Different Perspectives On Light Essay Example for Free

Three Different Perspectives On Light Essay Write three perspectives on light in three different paragraphs. The three perspectives of light include `house warm yellow light`, `street light at night and `sun light shining in through a window`.   Write about how we take them for granted and never realized the importance and the beauty of them. but in different perspectives for each one. INTRODUCTION The power of light can not be overemphasised. It is the ultimate gift of God to man. Just like air and water, light is not obtained with payments nor with demand. It is freely available for our use and for utilization by other natural creatures. Who can deny the Excellency of light as it penetrates the various layers of the earth to warm our planet, and keep live going on and on. Light , and specifically sunlight, is the ultimate source of energy for activities on the earth. It gives the plants the ability to use inorganic compounds like water and carbon dioxide and convert them to organic molecules like glucose which can supply energy to animals that graze and eat plants.   It is best depicted in the words of Micheal Strassfield: ‘Light gives off itself freely, fling all available space. It does not seek anything in return; it asks not whether you are friend or foe. It gives of itself and is not thereby diminished’ THE PERSPECTIVES There are different perspectives on light. These perspectives represent the view and schema through which the activities of light are interpreted. These include `house warm yellow light`, `street light at night and `sun light shining in through a window’. Many a time, these are disregarded. We sometimes overlook the essence of these things and how they impact our lives. `House Warm Yellow Light`   this streaks through the open spaces and finds its ways to the welcoming wall of an alluring room. It spread the flagrance of morning joy subtly and sends a message that hat lies above can be greater than what lies below. In a actual fact, this is usually the case.   The penetrating waves in this streak of light leave no stone untouched in their path, as they make their way through. If blocked by an object in their path, they announce such to the observant eyes. Light in this form may be irritable to the skin but it s effect on it is vital for the survival for bones and cartilage; vitamin d is produced from the reaction of ultraviolet on skin molecules. Beyond this, this yellow light shines bright in the day and does a good we often overlook: it warms the home and softens the freezing effect of a cold night.   It caresses the pan and metals of the roof dropping bouts of heat into the home without a request for it.   What a yellow light! It warms without intense rash from the skin yet it never kills like a fire would do.   Lo and behold: this beauty is overlooked. We just do not notice the brilliance it adds to a day. We are more concerned about seemingly important things that we do not care whether the light is yellow or orange. Ralph Emerson says ‘The sun shines and warms and lights us and we have no curiosity to know why this is so; but we ask the reason of all evil, of pain, and hunger, and mosquitoes and silly people’ This confirms the fact we do ignore the essence of such common but important part of our life. Usually, we are consumed by the needs of our relationships, professions and have limited time to consider r the existence of such an important component of nature. It is interesting to know its exists but unfortunate to realise that we care less about the phenomenon. `street light at night’ At night, I was seat in the comfort of a car, and music ensues slowly from the player. It cools my heart from the pressures and surprise of the day.   I am reminded of the challenges of the day and those that may be waiting at home. What preoccupies my mind   are goals achieved for the day, and what to do about the staff that got me annoyed few hours earlier. Just along the road stands the street light. The arrangements of the traffic stands are similar to the geographical range of plants in parks and gardens. These are guides to the darkness that mar the night. All we are interested is that it is there to light the night, and nothing more. Alas! There is something more: if it is not there, we may become vexed   at the government agencies involved in the maintenance of the facilities. Oft time, we do not see it. But just a quick look at how they look while we are in the car, or stand outside to watch would make us appreciate as they perform   their function. Sun Light Shining In Through A Window` Sun light is the ultimate source of energy, as earlier mentioned.   Sunlight that shines through a window is   an other perspective of light. It demonstrates the rectilinear path of light. Along this path are particles of life. They are made visible by the light. Even this, we do not bother to ask about it. Only scientists like Tyndall have attempted to understand the scattering effect of light. But many of us are interested in the ‘cares of this world’ and have not time at all to look at the streak that emerges through the window. It also reminds me of   John Greenleaf Whittier who notes that ‘The windows of my soul I throw wide open to the sun. What would that do? Maybe so that we can then notice that light can be yellow; it brightens up a day. It lights up the dark night and shines through the window plane. REFERENCE http://www.quotegarden.com/light.html

Life Choices as Represented in Robert Frosts Road Not Taken Essay

Life Choices as Represented in Robert Frost's Road Not Taken Choices are never easy, facing hundreds upon thousands of them in our lifetime, man has to make decisions based upon these choices. Some decisions are clear while others are sometimes not clear and more difficult to make. The poem "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost is a prime example of these choices in life. This poem is a first person narrative that is seen by most people as being told by Frost. The poem opens up with the narrator encountering a point in the woods that has a trail diverge into two separate paths. In the poem Frost presents the idea of man facing the difficult predilection of a moment and a lifetime. I believe this idea in the poem is embodied in the fork in the road, the decision between the two paths, and the decision to select the road not taken. Someone's life could be metaphorically related to a walk through the woods filled with many twists and turns. Throughout this journey there are instances where choices between alternate paths have to be made and the route you choose to take is not always an easy one to determine. For most people, the fork in the road represents the speaker's encounter of having to choose between two paths knowing that this decision will affect the rest of his life. Frost presents to the reader a moment in anyone's life where a strenuous and problematic choice has to be made. The two paths represent the options that someone has to choose from. Faced with these decisions, he or she has to weigh their options carefully to make this choice. While reading this poem I was able to visualize the speaker looking far down both paths to see what each of them would bring. Though the speaker's sight is somewhat limited, on... ... is simply taking a stroll trough the woods because he says in line 13, "I kept the first for another day," which leads me to believe that the next time he is walking in those woods he'll take the first path. I guess that Frost did his job because this poem has caused so much controversy and debates over the years. I just can't really fathom that this path was the meaning of life in a way. I know that my view of the piece is not the only true way to go but I also know that this is poetry and it is meant to be looked at from different angles. I wouldn't be surprised if someone took the angle of saying that Frost was drunk and couldn't find his way home. There is no real answer to what this poem is about and I'm just taking the realist approach and saying that "The Road Not Taken," is not about life's ultimate choice but rather simply about a walk in the park.

Admission Essay to CRNA program Essay

My desire to pursue a career in health care is greatly influenced by its unlimited opportunities for career development and the desire to impact another person’s life positively. As a kid, I always had a burning desire to become a nurse or a medical doctor but my parents’ influence and their perception of the engineering profession while in Nigeria lured me away. I trained and practiced as a Materials Engineer back in Nigeria, where I worked as a research and development officer for five years. However, coming to the United States created the turning point in my life. I searched for engineering jobs unsuccessfully for many months, and none was forthcoming despite availability of many job openings in nursing and healthcare related fields. In order to confirm my readiness to pursue nursing as a career, I entered a Practical Nursing program at the Wilbur Wright College in Chicago. At this time, I was still driving cab to support myself, while I dropped it completely upon graduation and passing LPN board examination. A couple of years after becoming a LPN, I applied to DePaul University’s Master entry program to further my education, and thereby became a full-fledged RN. My dogged persistence paid off. In one way it deterred me from getting stuck to cab driving, despite a very good tax free – income. On the other, it allows me to envision my future as a great nurse. My insatiable appetite for knowledge coupled with compassion and commitment to nursing shape my desire to pursue a DNP in nurse anesthesia. Clinical rotations in OR as a close observer during an open Heart Surgery at the IMMC, while a student at the DePaul University also afforded me opportunity to see administration anesthetic drugs by a CRNA. In concretizing my interest to purse a DNP in Nurse Anesthesia, nothing can be more absolute than witnessing the births of our three children and the joy that they have brought in to my life. I saw firsthand as the nurse anesthetist administered the epidural anesthesia to assuage my wife’s labor pains. I am interested in becoming a nurse anesthetist because of the fervor that I have for it as a profession, the potential that I posses and the life experiences that have made me the person that I am today. These experiences have strengthened my resolve not only to do the utmost that I can by practicing the profession of nursing but also to help in improving the delivery of quality nursing care and overall image of nursing in general. The values and goals presented in the School Mission are a perfect fit for my ultimate career goals. The entirety of my life has been a challenge and the fact that I am applying to a great school such as the NorthShore School of Nurse Anesthesia is a further proof beyond doubt that coming from the humble roots that I was born in to, I can only be on the path to great success at this juncture. I have been engaged in nursing care of critically ill patients for 7years and I have consistently received outstanding evaluations these past years. With strong backgrounds in sciences, mathematics, computers coupled with good communication and interpersonal skills gained from work experience and college involvement, I believe I have all it takes to be successful in this profession. I have also learnt that patience, perceptiveness, honesty, trustworthiness and ability to work as a team member are essential in fostering effective working relationship. I work well as a team-member as well as independently on my own initiatives, using good judgment and overlook personal preferences where the good of all is concerned. At the present time, I am a member of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) and I also participate in various continue education activities that seek to increase my knowledge and overall clinical skills. My short-term professional goals include passing successfully certification examination for Adult Critical care, also known as the CCRN certification by October this year. I hope to set enough fund aside to augment my tuition for the School of Nurse Anesthesia. I also plan to attend a Medical Spanish class, in order to hone my Spanish language proficiency. It is also in my plan to work part time upon the start of the program in order to keep my clinical skills up-to-date. My long term goal is to successfully graduate from the NorthShore School of Nurse Anesthesia and pass the Nurse Anesthesia Board Examination. After passing the exam, I hope to join the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) and other relevant professional associations for networking opportunities, mentoring and support systems. All the goals enumerated above are designed to help crystallize my future plans. I intend to be a successful nurse anesthetist and a well rounded professional. There is too much at stake to fail and to whom much is given, much is expected. I intend to be a shining example to my children and to my community. My DNP project would focus on the effect of anesthetic agents on the intra-operative respiratory Care of obese and COPD patients. Besides finding this profession endlessly interesting and rewarding, I cherish the opportunity to make a positive difference in my  patients’ day-to-day lives. My experience has a nurse has taught me that helping someone attain their utmost in good health transcends the patients’ ethnic background or what social class they belong to. It is amazing how irrelevant the sex or race of an individual is when they come in to the emergency room with a broken arm or had been in a vehicle accident. I am thrilled at the possibilities of learning and practicing that lay ahead of me as a professional in one of the greatest and most noble profession known to man. I intend to take up the challenge and use my expertise to help as many people as possible irrespective of their age, class, race or religious belief. I look forward to the opportunity to start t he Nurse Anesthetist’s program at the NorthShore School of Nurse Anesthesia, and I accept the challenge, knowing fully well that it is a nail that would help in holding my future together.

Assistant Manager

Education 2 72% University or above Geographic HECK Island , Central, TTS Commercial Areas Source The Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd & Nielsen Media Index HECK Year-End Report 2012 Demographic According to the source from HACK Ltd and Nielsen Media Index HECK Year-End Report in 2012, 70% of readers fall into the age range between 30-49 years old. It means that the readers are used to read SCAMP English newspaper. They are loyal to SCAMP for personal reading interest or business insight.For education background, 72% of readers has university graduate or above so that they are well-educated, repressions and in senior position. The readers are willing to pay the higher price to get quality news instead of free newspaper. The readers under 29 years or below is only 19% of the total market. Geographic: SCAMP circulates the print via channels like newspaper stores and convenient stores. Most of the circulation gain from HECK Island, Central, TTS & other commercial areas.As ethn icity was 57% of Non-Chinese and 43% of Chinese, it reflects most of the readers are foreigners. Demographic & Geographic are presenting the similar data which means the result would be more truthfully and specifically. Most SCAMP readers are of premium social status such as Managers, Executives and Professionals for self-use etc. For corporate customers, company size with over 50 staff or global firms, the subscription of SCAMP is a corporate image. They are frequent and loyal users regardless of the higher subscription price.Also schools, universities, Government, financial & banking clients are the major consumers. Behavioral: SCAMP bases on different consumers' desires to provide the following marketing plan. 0 Monday – Friday, corporate and stable readers, regularly Sunday – leisure day, less demand, no corporate Saturday is more popular for Job seekers for The Classified Post Company: At least one copy of SCAMP daily 2. 2 Targeting The target customers are divide d into B to C (Business to Consumer) and B to B (Business to Business) models.B to C (Business to Consumer) For consumer market, readers are decision makers, Government officers, Coos, senior executives, scholars, professionals, university students, and Westerners. Their average income belongs to high income group (40% Monthly Household Income HECK $70,000 or above). They have high spending power. Job seekers who look for quality arrears 'employers and better salary offers will search the Jobs from Classified Post. The employers / recruitment agents who look for quality staff will place advertising on Classified Post to recruit their staff.Besides, the consumers look for news with highest creditability and they are very loyal to SCAMP. B to B (Business to Business) For corporate customers like multi-national companies, they are very loyal to SCAMP and purchase at least one print in the office on a daily basis for company image or quote SCAMP news as educational reference and or use published statistics in their business reports. For primary, secondary and university students, Education Bureau encourage students to subscribe SCAMP newspaper to pick up their reading hobby. Undeniably, SCAMP is the leader of HECK English newspaper. . 3 Positioning SCAMP mission is ‘As we move forward in these rapidly changing times, can be summed up in three words: Aspiration, Connection and Trust. Aspiration: We deliver value and quality to our customers by enhancing knowledge. Connection: We bridge Hong Kong, China and the rest of the world, and we actively engage in these communities. Trust: We will grow with the region as the trusted littoral on China. Being market leader in English newspaper, SCAMP won 11 awards in 2013, the Top Prize of Society of Publishers in Asia Editorial Award 2013.SCAMP gained the 1st ranking of Highest Credibility in Hong Kong newspaper market according to the survey conducted by Center for Communication Research of Chinese University (2011). S CAMP is consistently striving to seek ways to retain its market leader position in English newspaper market since 1903 and keeping the high standard in newspaper contents with highest credibility so that its readers are very loyal to SCAMP. 3. Marketing Mix The marketing mix is a business tool used to execute the market strategy into practical business activity.Our team is study focus on newspaper business – South China Morning Post (SCAMP) – an English Newspaper, retail selling price is HECK$9 from Monday to Saturday; HECK$II for Sunday Morning Post. The most important value of the newspaper is Fair, Fact, Credibility, and Integrity; it is why SCAMP can be the market leader and long lasting Product is â€Å"the tangible or intangible goods or services and how it can satisfy consumer's needs and wants†. Products have different life cycle, it will grow, mature and eventually decline and phrase out.Therefore, SCAMP has carried various product mix in order to exten d the product line to secure the income and maintain the growth of the business. Apart from printed copy, it has added digital subscription from 2010 as Internet and Smartened become more common and popular. They have changed the reading habit of the whole world. Besides, mobile APS application has been added in 2012. Subscribers are Job seekers who expect to find quality Jobs from the newspapers. On the other hand, it attracts employers or recruitment/hiring agents to post the recruitment advertisement on the newspaper.It is an important platform for Job seekers, employers and recruitment agents. Pricing is â€Å"the process of setting a price for a product or discount. The price needs not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services. SCAMP is carrying premium pricing strategy. From circulation information, its target customers are well-educated and belong to the group of middle to high income. They are less sensitive (inelastic of demand) to commodi ty items like food and newspapers. Buying a newspaper at $9/$10 is not a concern to them.On contrast, Chinese newspaper segment is large and very sensitive to penny change on pricing, hush free newspaper is popular in the market Premium pricing also represents the reader's prestigious status and quality. High credibility is the most important thing to them. Apart from newspaper revenue, advertisement is one of the major income streams in SCAMP. It also charges the customers higher advertising price for posting recruitment advertisement if comparing to Recruit, Jobs. It tells the customers that its readers possess good quality when they are looking for their companies.If the customers want to recruit people with high quality and capability, SCAMP is the only choice. Place (or distribution): â€Å"It is how to deliver the goods or service to the customer. † For printed newspaper, Scamps retailing channels will be news stand or convenient store e. G. 7-11 . In HECK, TTS, Central and HECK Island, due to business and commercial centers are gathered with numerous westerners coming from different countries. Hence, the circulation of printed copy in these districts is the most. For digital subscription, it is via internet or mobile app.Promotion: â€Å"It includes various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company including advertising, sales promotion, publicity, PR, direct marketing, digital arresting, sponsorship, personal selling. † Despite SCAMP is a media, it also needs to promote its business. Apart from putting advertisement on its own newspaper and website, SCAMP needs to promote its product via different channels. Loyalty discount to customer: Offer discount to loyalty readers, employers and recruitment agents who has subscribed its newspaper for a long period of time. SCAMP wins numerous Good Word-of-Mouth in this industry.It wins 11 awards gets the highest ranking in credibility in the HECK newspaper. E. G. Edward Snowmen fair select ed SCAMP; it has shown its newspaper has high integrity to the public. It also Joins Job Exhibition Fair, Trade Fair, and Seminar to broaden its exposure to the public. 4. Customer Relationship Management Firstly, as mobile is the single fastest growing source of digital traffic, SCAMP continue to its existing digital offerings with new products such as SCAMP News Pulse, new phone app to enhance the relations with the customers, especially among younger generation.Secondly, if the customers have subscribed to the members of Classified Post, they can search their Jobs according to their requirements. The Classified Post (â€Å"CUP') will keep customer's C.V. and personal information in a highly secured way. Then, CUP provides Job Alert e-newsletter and course/self-enhancement information to subscribers' emails based on subscribers, particular information. This would create a strong bonding relationship between SCAMP and its readers. 5. Market Analysis 5. Circulation Source The Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd Cover price for SCAMP increased by $1 to $9 since January this year. The online subscription fee for scamp. Com has also increased in late June 2013. 2013-2015 According to the source from the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd, the daily circulation of SCAMP is around 100,860 to 107,629 from 2009 to the first half of 013. The daily circulation is very stable within this period. But the circulation mix was changed once digital version was launched in the first half of 2010. In 2009, the daily circulation was solely print version.Once digital version was launched, it commenced to grow from 3363 in the 1st half of 2010 to 18,149 in the 1st half of 2013. The growth rate of circulation in digital version is 6 times in 3 years. There was a slight drop from 100,860 to 88,776 for print version from 2010 to 2013. This implies the fast growing popularity of phone affect the habit of readers and there is growing rend in digital version in the futu re. Michael Porter's 5 forces 1. Bargaining Power of Paper Suppliers – Due to the cost of paper material increases, the paper suppliers will transfer the incremental cost to SCAMP.It is under great pressure to increase the price of the newspaper print. 2. Bargaining Power of Customers – Customers have little switching cost to read other newspapers. Besides, free digital version is offered by HECK Standard. 3. Threat of New Entrants – There are many English newspapers emerging in HECK market like China Daily and Wall Street Institute which provide free newspapers at some selected estates. . Threat of Substitute Products – Due to growing popularity of phone, the customers have been changing their habits of reading newspapers.Digital version or mobile APS to access the updated newspapers create tremendous treat to the traditional newspaper industry. 5. Competitive Rivalry Within An Industry – The major competitors, HECK Standard is aggressively offeri ng 200,000 free tabloid newspapers distributed in different districts on a daily basis as well as providing free digital version to their readers. Competitor Analysis The Standard is doing the same as SCAMP to provide English newspaper print, digital erosion and Job searching function.The Standard has changed to a free newspaper since September 2007. On the other hand, it provides different levels of subscription discounts, which include digital subscription only and print plus digital version subscription. It also offers corporate digital subscription which allows multi-reader access to the digital version. The subscriptions allow readers to access their online and tablet content unlimitedly. We have made a comparison table between SCAMP and The Standard so that we can have more understanding of the keen competition in the newspaper industry.Comparison of SCAMP and The Standard SCAMP The standard price $9 Free (1st free newspaper since 2007) Digital Version Yes Yes Daily circulatio n Format Black & white, standard size Full-color, Tabloid Functions Archive news up to 10 years Archive news up to 1 year *HACK Audit July-DCE 2012 ** â€Å"The Standard† official website Strength Diversified information SCAMP has published diversified information. It includes the information of current issues, information of sports, property, finance, lifestyle. Also, it encloses Classified Post for Job seekers; Young Post and Education Post for student subscribers. Market leaderThere are not much English newspapers being published in Hong Kong. The major competitor is The Standard. The competition is not keen. Thus, SCAMP is the market leader among English newspapers. Sustained demand SCAMP targets high-educated customers. Usually, they earn more, they can afford more. Also, those NC corporations, universities and foreign residents all have regular subscriptions. There is sustainable demand. Weakness Increased staff & production cost Source: SCAMP Group 2013 Interim report – Extract of Income statement Staff and production costs have increased for about HECK$48. Million and HECK$3. Lion respectively. It is mainly due to the increase in headcount and SCAMP Group has included the production of ELL on 2013. It decreases the net profit. Less popular in HECK It costs HECK$9, which is the most expensive newspaper in Hong Kong. Also, it's bulky in size. It's inconvenient for readers to carry it around. Moreover, it cannot satisfy those non-English readers. It cannot become a popular newspaper in Hong Kong. Subscription for unlimited digital access If readers want to have unlimited access on digital access, they are obliged to subscribe by money. However, other Hong Kong newspapers, including TheStandard, are free of charge on digital version. It may hinder the increase of digital readers as they may prefer choosing free information. Shares have been suspended trading Its shares have been suspended trading in HECK stock market since 26 February 2013. S CAMP is a listed company in Hong Kong, however, its percentage of public float confidence on the investment and the public image of SCAMP has been affected. Opportunity Increases on demand Source: HECK Census and Statistics Department (â€Å"HACKS†) website – Population statistics Source: HECK Census and Statistics Department (â€Å"HACKS†) website – Foreign companiesThe above statistics has shown that HECK population has kept rising since mid of 2010 to 7,KICK in the mid of 2013. It has also shown that the number of foreign companies setting up local offices in HECK has increased. There is an opportunity for SCAMP to acquire more readers from the growth of population and foreign corporations. Hong Kong Government has promoted post-secondary education since the past decade. The below 2 tables have shown that there has been an increasing trend for people had Post-secondary education nowadays: The demand of English-language newspaper has been increasing wit h the rising umber of high educated people.Expand new market It can expand new market by the advancement of technology on digital version, for example â€Å"Southern China† as there has been an economic growth in China in the recent years. Threats Keener advertisement added competition The Government has increased 2 new free licensed TV. The advertisement companies have 2 more advertising channels, so there would be keener competition. Decreasing newspaper revenue Source: SCAMP Group 2013 Interim report Revenue from newspaper has been decreased for near HECK$5 million for the 2 interim periods. It indicates less people are willing to buy newspaper.

How Corporate Governance Can Be Strengthened In The Area Of Financial Reporting Accounting Essay Essays

How Corporate Governance Can Be Strengthened In The Area Of Financial Reporting Accounting Essay Essays How Corporate Governance Can Be Strengthened In The Area Of Financial Reporting Accounting Essay Essay How Corporate Governance Can Be Strengthened In The Area Of Financial Reporting Accounting Essay Essay Introduction I was in Singapore go toing the 2007 IBA Annual Conference in October when I was contacted by my office that I have an invitation to be guest talker at the event of today and that I had a limited clip to convey my credence. Looking at the selected subject and the establishment behind the event I wondered whether as a attorney I was qualified to present a dinner address at a acme many would assume is made up of comptrollers engaged with the deadening activity of poring over figures and Numberss. For that is the traditional construct of fiscal coverage and scrutinizing. Not many people were able to appreciate the relationship between fiscal coverage, scrutinizing and corporate administration or better still good corporate administration. It is in the visible radiation of the chance the subject offers to research the connexions between those constructs that I find the challenge of the subject daunting and at the same clip exciting. I am hence thankful to the Nigeria Accounting Standards Board for the privilege of sharing my ideas on these affairs with a most distinguished audience of professionals involved with corporate fiscal coverage and their regulators as represented by establishments such as NASB, ICAN and SEC amongst others. I intend to get down with account of the construct of corporate administration and good corporate administration and so discourse the general regulative model for corporate administration in Nigeria before diging specifically into the function of the Audit Committee and External Auditor in accomplishment of good corporate administration. I will stop with a few suggestions on how corporate administration can be strengthened in the country of fiscal coverage and corporate constructions every bit good as internalisation of good corporate administration which goes beyond mere constructions. Corporate Administration In a study that was conducted in Japan in the 1880ss [ Aoki, ( 1984 ) ] sing perceptual experiences of ownership and involvements, presidents of major houses, senior executives, and in-between directors were polled sing their perceptual experiences of ownership. They were asked: On whose involvements should corporations be run? and to whom make corporations really belong? The consequences were unexpected and most disclosure. The figure of respondents adverting employees as those on whose involvements the house should be run ( 80 % ) was about every bit big as those adverting shareholders ( 87 % ) . And most company presidents indicated that the house should belong to both groups. On the inquiry of whose involvements were really being served, the most common reply was employees, with stockholders coming second. Again, most of the presidents mentioned both groups, but a full 20 per centum indicated that stockholders involvements did non number in running the house. The above dramatic paradigm displacement of perceptual experience in a universe that is going more and more a planetary small town summarizes what the construct of corporate administration is genuinely approximately. Many people have attempted to specify corporate administration but we will work with the basic definition provided by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) . It defined it as a: aˆÂ ¦system by which concern corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate administration construction specifies the distribution of rights and duties among different participants in the corporation such as, the board, directors, stockholders and other stakeholders, and spells out the regulations and process for doing determinations on corporate personal businesss. By making this, it besides provides the construction through which the company s aims are set and the agencies of achieving those aims and monitoring public presentation As with all definitions, the above definition is a good working definition, but is non comprehensive plenty. It suffers from the fact that it is value impersonal accordingly the definition presumes that mere mechanical conformity with the regulations satisfies the demand for corporate administration even if the effect to some sets of stakeholders such as stockholders or other public officers of the company is unjust or there is deficiency of transparence in the behavior of the personal businesss of the company. Not surprisingly therefore others have proposed a more value driven definition of corporate administration. J. Wolfensohn ( 1997 ) defined it as follows: Corporate administration is about advancing corporate equity, transparence and answerability This value driven definition of corporate administration is in fact better referred to as good corporate governanceKalu2007-11-07T19:38:00 which is a system of pull offing the personal businesss of corporations with a position to increasing stockholder value and run intoing the outlooks of the other stakeholders. . It is non merely about conformity with regulations, it is about duty to all stakeholders of the company be they stockholders, staff, clients, service suppliers or regulators ; a duty to be just, crystalline and accountable. WHY IS Good CORPORATE GOVENANCE NECESSARY? The construct of a company or corporate entity is a legal fiction. It is one of the signifiers of concern associations by which under a general jurisprudence upon fulfilment of certain conditions a group of individuals are declared a corporate entity different from its members. In Salomon v Salomon amp ; Co. , Ltd[ 1 ]it was held that: The company is at jurisprudence a different individual wholly from the endorser . I had cause to state the followers at another forum: This is an of import effect of incorporation. In fact, the full construct of registered company or joint stock company was based on the desire to divide the company from its proprietors and give the proprietors limited liability. It was felt that people will thereby be encouraged to set about concern hazards cognizing that their liability is limited and this will ensue in prosperity. Unfortunately, many people have taken advantage of this effect of incorporation to perpetrate fraud. The history of company jurisprudence has been merely a battle between promoting concern activities and forestalling fraud [ 2 ] It follows that the construct of good corporate administration is a manner or system of guaranting that the fiction of separate corporate entity continues to supply a vehicle for investors to set about concern hazard and make wealth and economic development without commiting fraud or other signifiers of maltreatment on the investors and the general populace. The recent corporate and accounting dirts of Enron, Tyco International, Peregrine Systems and Worldcom in the United States between the twelvemonth 2000 and 2002 and the failure of major companies around the universe like recent Parmalat bankruptcy in Italy in 2004 has brought place demand to travel behind mere constructions in corporate administration to content of fiscal coverage every bit good as value content end product of those constructions. In reaction to the diminution of public trust in accounting and coverage patterns, the US enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ( besides known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 and normally called SOX or Sarbox ) which imposed stricter ordinance on administration. Hopefully we would hold clip to make a comparism of the US jurisprudence and the commissariats of our jurisprudence so as to find where we are and where we need to be. Suffice to state that in Nigeria we have had our just portion of cor porate administration failures. Some of them include the AP Plc accounting dirt that led to AP Commission of Enquiry, The Bokanlans Share dirt and the recent Cadbury Plc Audit dirt which is presently capable of SEC APC proceedings with judicial proceeding spin off. REVIEW OF REGULATORY PROVISIONS ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE The Nigerian statutory model on corporate administration is expectedly multifaceted and is being continually beefed up. The basic jurisprudence on corporate administration in Nigeria is the Companies and Allied Matters Act 1990 ( CAMA ) . This jurisprudence which provides for the formation of corporate entities in the first topographic point, besides sets the clip and constructions for corporate administration. It provides that every corporate entity must hold a Memorandum and Articles of Association which is the Constitution. ( See subdivision 35 of CAMA ) . This is the papers puting up the constructions of administration of the entity. The papers is besides regarded as a contract between the members of the company ( See subdivision 41 of CAMA ) and the instances of Hickman v Kent or Romney Mars Sheep Breeders Association ( 1915 ) 1 Ch. 1881, 113 L.T. 159 ; AG Lagos province V Eko Hotels Ltd ( 2001 ) FWLR Pt 82, 1996 and obikoya V Ezenwa ( 1964 ) 2ANLR, 133 ) . It is by this papers that the Board of Directors or Governors or Executive Council or Registered Trustees are established depending on the type of company. The CAMA 1990 provides legion commissariats for corporate accounting and auditing patterns ( scrutinizing, revelations, readying and publication of fiscal statements. The Registrar of Companies at the Corporate Affairs Commission ( CAC ) is to supervise conformity with these demands and specifies obsolete punishments in instance of non-compliance. Please see by and large subdivisions 137, 211 ( 3 ) A ; ( 5 ) , 343, 345, 354 CAMA ) , It further provides for assignment, wage, rights, maps, powers, and remotion of hearers and the constitution of an audit commission ( delight see by and large subdivisions 357, 358, 362,363 in portion XI of CAMA ) . It should be noted that the CAMA regrettably does non supply for joint audit or rotary motion of hearers. By virtuousness of S358 CAMA merely chartered comptrollers can be appointed as hearers of companies. The CAMA 1990 besides provide for the meetings of corporate entities. For companies, it is normally the Annual General Meeting ( Section 213 CAMA ) . All companies are besides required to register Annual returns which should incorporate their fiscal statement. It should be noted that CAMA allows for the creative activity of different sorts of corporate entities ( eg. private limited liability company, public limited liability company, company limited warrant, limitless company, integrated legal guardian and concern name or house ) , each with its attender distinguishable legal effects associated with their incorporation and differential fiscal coverage demands ( making changing grade of luxuriant corporate administration construction ) . For case, a public limited liability company which is quoted on the stock exchange is subjected to high degree of corporate administration because in add-on to divide personality and limited liability its portions are freely traded on the stock market largely based on fiscal information supplied by the company to the market. So in add-on to the general demand on administration of companies public companies have to hold an Audit Committee and are subjected to the listing demands of the Nigeria Stock Exchange every bit good as ordinance by Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) . It follows that apart from CAMA 1990 there are other Torahs which affect corporate administration of companies. These would include general Torahs such as the Companies Income Tax Act 1990 and Investment and Securities Act 1999 applicable basically to public companies and sectoral Torahs such as the Nigerian Stock Exchange Act ( 1965 ) , the Securities and Exchange Commission Rules and Regulation ( 1999 ) , the SEC Code of Corporate Governance in the field of Capital Market and ordinance of revelation and fiscal coverage for listed companies, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria Act ( 1965 ) and the Nigerian Accounting Standards Board Act ( 2003 ) in the field of corporate administration, standardisation and best international patterns in audit and fiscal coverage, the Nigerian Communications Commission Act or the Nigerian Electric Sector Reform Act 2005 which regulate companies runing or meaning to run in communications or electric power sectors of the economic system. There are other relevant Torahs for other sectors such as the crude oil industry but farther treatments on sectoral statute laws save for ISA 1999 is beyond the range of this paper. Besides powerful self regulative organic structures such as Nigeria Stock Exchange ( NSE ) , Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers ( CIS ) and Capital Market Solicitors Association ( CMSA ) drama important function in puting criterions of behavior for their members which aim at good corporate administration.[ 3 ]In add-on both SEC and CAC teamed up with industry practicians to bring forth a Code of Corporate Governance for Public Companies. Conformity with the Code is voluntary. SEC on the other manus has a Code of Conduct for Capital Market Operators which is enforceable. In fact in the Union Bank Registrar V. SEC instance which arose from the Bokanlans portion dirt the Investment and Securities Tribunal ( IST ) sustained liability of market participants based basically on breach the Code. Interestingly plenty, the CAMA really provides for the liability of the hearer for carelessness if, as a consequence of neglecting to dispatch his fiducial responsibility decently, the company suffers loss or harm ( see subdivision 67 CAMA ) . A instance may besides be made out in the kingdom of the Common Law and the Nigerian Law of Torts. However, the world is that this facet of intrenching good corporate administration in accounting and hearers patterns is yetKalu2007-11-07T19:38:00 Folio and Cadbury as anecdotes by and large. to be tested by judicial proceeding, but my jurisprudence house is presently actively working on this facet in a few scarce Jockey shortss that have raised this issue with a position to rectifying this too bad anomalousness. I expect that this is an country of the jurisprudence that will develop quickly with the current Nigerian economic growing and more significantly the really healthy Nigerian capital market roar rather in contrast with the reverses witnessed in international capital markets. It should be borne in head that civil liability of such professionals will be virtually limitless ( without bias to professional insurance ) as even audit and accounting houses can merely hold the signifier of partnerships. It has been said that this characteristic of Byzantine liability makes it a more effectual disincentive tool than condemnable countenances which ever have a ceiling to fiscal punishments. AUDIT COMMITTEE AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Part XI of CAMA makes extended commissariats for maintaining of accounting records of the company and readying of fiscal statements for intent of corporate fiscal coverage. It besides provides for audit of those accounting records by an external hearer to be appointed by the members in general meeting. The hearers are so required under subdivision 359 of CAMA 1990 to do a study to members on the histories examined by them, and on every balance sheet and net income and loss history in the fiscal statement to be laid before the company in general meeting. It is important to observe that subdivision 356 recognises that the content of fiscal statements for intent of fiscal coverage may alter from clip to clip so as to accomplish carnival, crystalline accounting and corporate fiscal coverage in line with the construct of good corporate administration discuss earlier in this paper. It provides that the Minister after audience with the Nigeria Accounting Standards Board may by ordinance, ad d to the categories of paperss to be comprised in the fiscal statements or modify the demands of the Act as to affairs to be stated in such paperss or cut down the categories of paperss to be delivered to the Corporate Affairs Commission CAC. This brings us to the function of the NASB in guaranting good corporate administration in Nigeria to which we would return in the class of this paper. In add-on subdivision 3 of the said subdivision 359 require that the hearers in the instance of a public company make a study to the Audit Committee of the company which commission is to be made up of equal figure of managers and representatives of stockholders of the company topic to a maximal figure of six ( 6 ) , capable to re-election yearly but with no wage. The map and powers of the Audit Committee are stated in subdivision 359 subdivision 6 as follows: ascertain whether the accounting and describing policies of the company are in conformity with legal demands and agreed ethical patterns ; reexamine the range and planning of audit demands ; reexamine the findings on direction affairs in concurrence with the external hearer and departemental responses thereon ; maintain under reappraisal the effectivity of the company s system of accounting and internal control ; do recommendations to the Board in respect to the assignment, remotion and wage of the external hearers of the company ; and authorise the internal hearer to transport out probes into any activities of the company which may be of involvement or concern to the commission. There is no uncertainty that the debut of the Audit Committee in the corporate administration construction for public companies is an invention good in front of its clip. This is because for case no such construction exists in the United States and even with the passage of the Sarbannes-Oxley jurisprudence in the US there is still no such construction. The Audit Committee conceptually provides a regular footing for transfusing good corporate administration in public companies as this act as a cheque on the external hearer on the one manus and the company on the other manus. Expertness A farther analysis of the jurisprudence and the pattern of the Audit Committee would uncover that the thought whilst being commendable has non truly achieved its aim. Several factors can easy be identified as responsibleFlaky2010-07-20T15:42:00 How CAMA adds to d inefficiency of audit commissions for deficiency of impact of the Audit Committee in advancing good corporate administration in Nigeria. Membership First the jurisprudence did non supply for any makings to rank of stockholder representatives. The consequence was that those who can non understand a fiscal statement get elected to the Committee and at that place convey no value to the meeting. Second, since vote is by show of manus organized stockholder groups with small retentions in the company who are susceptible to use by the Board and or direction of the company get elected. Third, there is no legal limitation on the ratio of the squad from the company managers as between executive and non executive managers. Four, it is non clear who should bring forth the Chairman consequently the pattern differs well from company to company. Last, there is no term bound for rank of the Audit Committee. Whilst the burgeoning stockholder associations are to be commended for their active engagement in protection of stockholder rights through elections into Audit Committees, the truth is that they are portion of the job. Many of them are merel y interested in the associated posing allowances and are hence willing tools for use by direction and or Board of some companies. Nevertheless their attempt at a convention at informal term bound for those they push onto these commissions must be acknowledged. In drumhead, so far unless farther jurisprudence reform is undertaken there is non much hope that the Audit Committee would lend significantly to good corporate administration in Nigeria. My suggestions on jurisprudence reform will be made soonest. AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE As pointed out earlier Part XI of CAMA 1990 provides for audit of every company by an hearer appointed by the company. In peculiar Chapter 2 of Part XI in subdivisions 357 to 369 makes luxuriant commissariats for assignment, making, responsibilities and powers of the hearer, wage, remotion, surrender, subject, liability, etc of the hearer. The model seems to be that the hearer is appointed by the general meeting under subdivision 357 and studies to them and the Audit Committee under subdivision 359. Besides under subdivision 351 the company in general meeting is supposed to repair the wage of the hearers except where the company is yet to commence concern and the managers are entitled to name the hearers under subdivision 357. No uncertainty if the hearers carry out the responsibilities set out in subdivision 360 of CAMA 1990 and exert the powers conferred on them in that subdivision to look into to enable them organize an sentiment and to measure up any sentiment which they are non satisfied so all companies will endeavor to run their personal businesss in conformity with good corporate administration. The truth though is that they do non. Otherwise we would non hold had the jobs around the universe referred to earlier on in this paper. This raises the inquiry why do nt they? In Nigeria it seems that the rigorous commissariats of CAMA 1990 are unequal to turn to the job of hearer independency. Although subdivision 361 says the company in general meeting should repair the wage of hearers in fact they normally delegate that power back to the managers and that falls back to the Executive Management of the company who likely in the first topographic point recommended the hearer to the Board and in bend to the general meeting. The idiom is that he who pays the piper dictates the melody. Further, there is no proviso in CAMA curtailing the engagement of the hearer with the company. The lone penal commissariats are subdivision 368 which imposes a responsibility to exert such attention diligence and accomplishment moderately necessary in public presentation of hearer and subdivision 369 which imposes condemnable countenances for those who supply false statement to the hearer. The consequence is that hearers become over involved with companies making direction consultancy and revenue enhancement and even human resources consultancy work for the really company they audit. They therefore lost their independency and professionalism in fixing their hearers study. Whilst non every audit house was involved, many including the really top houses were. The fright of competition still drives audit houses to a craze about retaining their clients, at times at all cost. NASB AND GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Now one of the establishments that conveying positive value to corporate administration is the Nigerian Accounting Standards Board ( NASB ) officially established under the commissariats of the Companies and Allied Matters Act 1990 but now set up by the Nigerian Accounting Standards Board ( NASB ) Act, 2003. Originally established in 1982 as a private sector enterprise housed in ICAN, NASB became a authorities bureau in 1992 and studies to the Federal Minister of Commerce. Section 355 ( 1 ) of CAMA provides: The Financial statements of a company prepared under subdivision 344 of the Act, shall follow with the demands of agenda 2 to the Act with regard to their signifier and content, and with the accounting criterions laid down in the Statements of Accounting Standards issued from clip to clip by the Nigerian Accounting Standards Board to be constituted by the Minister after due audience with such accounting organic structures as he may hold tantrum in the fortunes for this intents provided that such accounting criterions do non conflict with the commissariats of this Act Harmonizing to the subdivision 2 of the NASB Act, ( see besides Central Bank of Nigeria ( CBN ) functionary web site ) , the National Accounting Standard Board ( NASB ) was constituted with the following members: Central Bank of Nigeria ( CBN ) Corporate Affairs Commission ( CAC ) Federal Board of Inland Revenue ( FIRS ) Federal Ministry of Commerce ( FMC ) Federal Ministry of Finance ( FMF ) Nigerian Accounting Teachers Association ( NATA ) Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture ( NACCIMMA ) Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation ( NDIC ) Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) Auditor-General for the Federation Accountant-General of the Federation Association of National Accountants of Nigeria ( ANAN ) Chartered Institute of Taxation ( CITN ) The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria ( ICAN ) The NASB Act seeks to enthrone NASB with the duty for developing and printing accounting criterions to be observed in the readying of fiscal statements, promote and enforce conformity with the accounting criterions developed or reviewed by the Board and supply punishments for non-compliance with its commissariats. In pursuit to the above The Board has been publishing from clip to clip Statements of Accounting Standards ( SAS ) every bit good as guidelines/regulations for NASB inspectorate unit, 2005 ( delight refer to sundry updates and publications on NASB functionary web site ) . By these NASB is actively seeking to supply a usher for policies and accounting methods that should be followed by companies in the readying of their fiscal statements relative to income acknowledgment, loss acknowledgment, balance sheet categorization and many other commissariats. NASB s official web site, non unlike its American opposite number ( The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, a quasi public bureau created under the Sarbox which is charged with supervising, regulation, inspecting, and training accounting houses in their functions as hearers of public companies. ) , has besides created an synergistic feedback forum on its web sites in order to have continually inputs and remarks from relev ant stakeholders and professionals which would function as primary database and assist NASB in germinating equal and effectual criterions suited to the specific kineticss of growing of the Nigerian accounting profession. The Board since startup has issued 24 ( 24 ) back-to-back Statements of Accounting Standards ( SAS ) to day of the month. It has presently on show, five ( 5 ) exposure bill of exchanges of new proposed SASs. Recently besides in 2005, NASB has published guidelines for its inspectorate unit charged with supervising conformity by hearers with the SAS issued while fixing fiscal statements. NASB prides itself as the merely recognized independent organic structure in Nigeria responsible for the development and issue of Statements of Accounting Standards for users and preparers of fiscal statements, investors, commercial endeavors and regulative bureaus of authorities[ 4 ]. There is no uncertainty that formal conformity with SAS issued by NASB can help companies with good corporate administration. In add-on apart from NASB as pointed out earlier there are many other independent establishments that have been playing changing functions in coronation of good corporate administration ( take for case the issue by CBN in 2003 of a Code of Corporate Governance for Banks and its provisions/guidelines on audit commission or attempts of SEC/CAC to intrench good corporate administration for public companies as before mentioned ) . It however seems that mere conformity with regulations entirely is non sufficient to vouch good corporate administration. So some ego regulators have gone a measure farther and have set criterions of conformity that are personal to directors of regulated companies. For case, the Nigeria Stock Exchange has a regulation that a director of a quoted company who has a job with his company would non be allowed to pull off another company. Application of this regulation resulted in the remotion of Mr. Bernard Longe as Managing Director of Transcorp every bit shortly as they were quoted because of his old parturiency in First Bank. Again the NSE has blacklisted old directors of Cadbury Nigeria Plc including Bunmi Oni the erstwhile Managing Director. As I had juncture to sum up, there is now a paradigm displacement in corporate administration construct. Good corporate administration is now about the unity of the directors of companies and non needfully about conformity with regulations. I said[ 5 ]: it seems that the unity of the corporate director is now possibly, more of import than his fiscal statements. To set it another manner, the fiscal statements of a company or its degree of conformity with rules of corporate administration can non be higher than the unity of the directors of the company. Consequently, investors, stockholders and other outside providers of capital or service now scrutinize more closely the unity of the insiders who have to pull off the capital supplied. So, alternatively of, or in add-on to, fiscal statements, foreigners now demand for the past records of top direction and the experience and repute of the board, as indices for finding the degree of conformity with rules of good corporate governanceaˆÂ ¦.. WHAT REFORMS Whilst good corporate administration has moved towards unity of single directors, there is no uncertainty that the regulations and enforcement of those would go on to play a important function in carrying directors to follow and internalise good corporate administration because the effect of failure to follow could be personally dangerous for the corporate director. In this respect, I besides laud one time once more the attempts of NASB and its Inspectorate division with respects to compliance to its SAS within such a short period of constitution. The epoch of concealing under the shield of separate legal personality to run down companies should now be circumscribed. It is in this visible radiation that I believe that jurisprudence reform in corporate administration should concentrate on some of the undermentioned issues: Audit Committee Making boards effectual requires policies that impact on both the carrot and the stick. There should be making for rank of Audit Committee but non needfully accounting making. There should besides be mechanisms put in topographic point for uninterrupted instruction of members of audit commissions ( particularly non-executive managers ) in order that they may hold sufficient literacy in fiscal affairs and be able to supervise more efficaciously the direction, thereby cut downing the hazard associated with dissociation of ownership rights and direction rights in a company, The Internal Auditor or Risk Management Manager should describe straight to the Audit Committee in add-on to any other coverage line. Both the Managing Director and the Chairman of the Company should non be members of the Audit Committee. The Executive Director in charge of Finance should merely be in attending and non a member, and members who are stockholder representatives should hold term bounds. Hearers The current international best pattern to the consequence that an hearer should non move as a adviser to the same company should be elevated to the place of enforceable jurisprudence. Even so the same spouse and or tie in in a house should non scrutinize the same company for more than five ( 5 ) old ages. There should be liability for breach. Indeed, one may state that this regulation of periodic rotary motion of hearers of the company is what fast=tracked the Parmalat accounting dirt in Italy ( one of Europe s largest and most planetary company using more than 36,000 employees in 30 states ) , as the Company was statutorily forced to replace its hearers from Grand Thorton to Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu. It is so on record that sporadic dismaies were raised by an hearer employed by Deloitte Italy twice as far back as March 2001 and once more in 2002. a minor stockholder and fund direction group known as Hermes is besides actioning Deloitte on history of non following up decently through thorough probe on its whistleblowing.in December 2002. NASB I think that it is clip that NASB is elevated to a full Commission or is merged with either CAC or SEC. This manner its criterions may be better enforced with the attendant good consequence for corporate administration. Indeed, the above will help our authorities in harmonising its attempts in patroling and intrenching corporate administration in Nigeria as there is on the other extreme the danger of over-regulation or struggle or ordinances and regulators taking to choking and stunted growing in the economic system, I have had the chance of turn toing these issues in an in-depth mode in my MBA on ordinance of the advertisement pattern in Nigeria. SEC/CAC Code I suggest that this Code be reviewed and so made enforceable. A FASTER PROCESS OF ENFORCEMENT OF SECURITIES The form of funding ( fiscal construction of a company ) affects the sorts of securities issued. Securities are non merely claims on hard currency flow ; they confer certain rights on determination devising and control ( i.e. , they define alternate administration manners ) . Harmonizing to Williamson ( 1988 ) , debt administration works out of regulations, while equity administration allows much greater discretion. Equities typically confer on the holders, the right to elect managers through vote, whereas debt entitles the holders to reclaim collateral when the company defaults on promised payments. Good corporate administration as earlier said is a agency of returning value to assorted stakeholders ( employees ) and investors ( stockholders, secured creditors ) The rights attached to securities and their enforcement go critical when directors of companies act in opportunism. It may besides be the lone mean by which the involvements of employees are paradoxically best protected. Jointly, these regulations measure the easiness with which investors can exert their powers against direction, and therefore shed some visible radiation on the quality ( or possible thereof ) of corporate answerability. It is easy hence to understand how securities become rights of determination devising and control of a company by the debt capital providers. These rights are in bend predicated on the legal environment in which the securities are operative. And since process is of kernel, as is normally the instance under systems that rely on establishments, there is a demand for an pressing reform in that country of the jurisprudence excessively. It is in position of the above that my jurisprudence house has been actively involved with Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association ( BRIPAN ) to force for a reform of the Insolvency Torahs of Nigeria through the announcement of an Insolvency Act. In add-on to the reforms suggested and a development of a judicial proceeding steered towards keeping hearers every bit good as managers of companies more apt, it is my belief that we will get down to see more positive dividends from the intrenchment of corporate administration regulations. Statutory CREATION OF THE OFFICE OF COMPLIANCE OFFICER FOR PUBLIC COMPANIES. Under the reforms witnessed in the United States of America with the Sarbox features the intrenchment of conformity officers. These are fundamentally professionals such as qualified accountants/auditors or Legal practicians with a prejudice in finance who act as corporate watchdogs reminding the direction on demand to follow with regulations of revelation, answerability, etc. these are of course besides possible whistle blowers. The inquiry may originate about the practical trueness of these officers i.e. whether the unity of these conformity officers will non be affected by their manner of assignment. In this respect, we believe that the constitution of statutory responsibilities to describe to their relevant regulative organic structures may help in this respect. With regard to publically quoted companies, we have had the chance to progress this thought while working on SEC s Code of Conduct for Capital Market Operators and their Employees ( delight refer to govern nine in Appendix B of my book on Capital Market Operations as earlier citedKalu2007-11-07T19:38:00 You may wish to take with you a few transcripts of your book and market same Sir.. STATUTORY PROTECTION OF WHISTLEBLOWERS One other cardinal country that needs to be really rapidly addressed in the development of corporate administration in an emerging economic system such as ours is the protection of whistle blowers. Till day of the month, there are no specific statutory inducements to employees and other insider officers of a company to raise dismaies over strategy to victimize the company and other stakeholders by managers or selfish directors. This is non in line with best international patterns. Decision In reasoning it is to be observed that on paper Nigeria has luxuriant proviso for corporate administration. However, it would look that most of them are non decently enforced. Even so mere conformity with corporate administration regulations may non vouch good corporate administration. It follows hence that whilst there is still need to better the degree of corporate administration finally good corporate administration is personal to corporate directors accordingly attempt must be may to increase unity of these directors through enforceable regulations as a Panacea to famine of good corporate directors. Finally, surveies have shown that the quality of corporate administration may non be independent of the quality of province administration, as the quality of the province provides the anchor upon which establishments in the populace every bit good as private sector ( including board of managers ) can regulate. In this respect, I believe every Nigerian should go on to back up through supplications and civil parts ( for case, fora such as this ) for the publicity and prosperity of this state. God bless Nigeria. Thank you.

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