The Definition Of The Concepts Of Time English Literature Essay

The Definition Of The Concepts Of Time English Literature Essay Transcending Temporality: Escaping the Shackles of Linear Time. The concept of time is one which eludes the standard dictionary definition that etymologists so simply thrust upon the more concrete words that compose the English language. Perhaps time defies the ability to be defined as a result of its ubiquitous nature humans find time to be so ordinary that it seems senseless to seek out a method with which to describe it. Perhaps it evades an explanation because society is so fixated on its passage rather than its existence. Or perhaps it cannot be defined because it is merely a figment of the human imagination a method of mental measurement to maintain sanity. Over the course of literatures development, many have strived to craft a novel that serves as an accurate portrayal of the human experience of time. As the modernist literary movement began, this concern shifted towards the forefront, and one author emerged who artfully fashioned a novel that moved beyond the simplicity of plot and instead delved into the depths of the human subconscious. Through her creation of To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf produces an avant-garde illustration of the way in which humans undergo the passage of time in order to criticize societys fascination and fixation with the future. Throughout her novel, Woolf collapses the steady progression of linear time and instead utilizes an interplay between the diachronic and synchronic dimensions of time to more accurately demonstrate the way in which humans truly experience times progression. In the late 1980s, a historian by the name of Dominick LaCapra revolutionized the way in which scholars view time. Essentially, The LaCaprian theory of time theorizes time to be a multidimensional phenomenon composed of a structure consisting of both a horizontal and a vertical plane. This horizontal plane is representative of what LaCapra calls diachronic time, or the passing and progression of both commonplace and significant events, while the vertical plane, which represents synchronic time, concerns itself with the passing of time when one fixates upon the minute details of any given event (LaCapra 138). Virginia Woolf, in To the Lighthouse, transcends the simplicity and monotony of diachronic time and interpolates passages th at are written from a synchronic perspective, thus increasing the complexity of her work and allowing her to break free from the constraints caused by a plot based solely on linear time. If Woolf were to write exclusively in the diachronic plane, her depiction of everyday life would not be nearly as profound as synchronic descriptions allow it to be (Gemmill 2). Her synchronic passages give her the ability to convey the details of seemingly simple events that hold deeper symbolic significance. However, it is Woolfs ability to seamlessly transition between diachronic and synchronic descriptions that causes her portrayal of time to be so truthful to the human experience in any given period, one event may seem to fly by quickly while one may notice every minute detail of another. This interchange is facilitated through a use of stream of consciousness narration. By utilizing a stream of consciousness format of narration, Woolf facilitates the ability to slow down the apparent progression of time in order to synchronically highlight the significance of certain moments or memories. As the modernist literary movement reached its peak, a narrative technique known as stream of consciousness became increasingly popular. Stream of consciousness narration allows for insight into the thoughts of a character, presenting them to the reader in the exact method in which an individual would process them. For example, the vivid image painted by Woolf as James is sitting on the floor cutting out pictures from the illustrated catalogue of the Army and Navy stores, endowed the picture of a refrigerator, as his mother [speaks] (Woolf 12) demonstrates James processing of all that is occurring around him, offering insight into his thoughts. While James actions in this moment seem unremarkable, stream of consciousness narration helps to focus on an infinitesimal moment in time and elaborate upon it, a technique which Woolf calls upon often. In essence, Woolf utilizes stream of consciousness narration to enhance the impact of synchronic moments by further lengthening the description of each portion of a moment, much in the way that a specific moment in the human experience can be drawn out by the mind. As Albert Einstein once said, When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, it seems like two minutes. When you sit on a hot stove for two minutes, it seems like two hours-thats relativity. Woolfs use of stream of consciousness allows her audience to experience the progression of time in the same manner as her characters-as they fixate on a moment, so does the audience. The significance of this effect and of Woolfs use of stream of consciousness lies in her choice of when to employ it-she delves into the synchronic dimension of seemingly insignificant moments, focusing on the colors and auras (Stewart 3) of everyday living. Through this method, Woolf captures an authentic recreation of the human experience, henceforth increasing the validity of her criticism of it. In stark contrast with her ability to extend a nanosecond on the synchronic plane, Woolfs use of brackets creates a harsh and unexpected severity and hastiness throughout the second portion of the novel that serves to illuminate societys desensitization to the significance of the moment. Throughout part two of the novel, Time Passes, the harsh typographical appearance of the parenthetical marks [used by Woolf] themselves (Gemmill 3) emphasizes the abrupt nature of Woolfs return to a diachronic description of a linear progression of events. Woolfs return to a dry, dull portrayal of events within these brackets signals a choice to return to linear time as she states that [Prue Ramsay died that summerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] ( Woolf 132) and [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Mr. Carmichael, who was reading Virgil, blew out his candleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Woolf 127) highlights a key syntactical pattern. It is evident that the events depicted within Woolfs brackets reflect simplicity within both their syntax and dict ion, causing them to be portrayed as commonplace even in cases when they are rather tragic. Each set of parentheses contains one or more brief, telegraphic sentences written with simplistic diction and a blatant lack of detail, understating the significance of the event contained within and signaling a shift to a more omniscient perspective (Sang 3). A shift from the personable, relatable stream of consciousness style to this newfound omniscience stems from Woolfs desire to highlight how desensitized society has become to events such as death. To focus upon the synchronic dimension of time is to be personal, dramatic, to embody the carpe diem ideals of seizing each moment. Hence, Woolfs regression to diachronic depictions signals a step away from this ideal, and mirrors modern societys lack of concern with the significance of the moment. While it may be argued that Woolfs use of juxtaposition in terms of color is the most essential tool in the conveyance of her views regarding socie ty (McCarthy 1), it is this ability to delve into and then fall away from a synchronic examination of time that truly buttresses her disdain for humanitys choices. By using a wholly diachronic approach towards the description of death, Woolf downplays its significance to suggest that an individuals priorities are better placed in a concern with life rather than its impending end. As Woolfs characters struggle with the understanding of lifes ephemerality, many of them grasp for some sense of permanence as they preoccupy themselves with the future and whether or not they will be remembered, paralleling that which Woolf believes is currently occurring in society. Mr. Ramsay fears that his work will be easily forgotten as a result of mortality and the brevity of human life, so he seeks out some sort of permanence in the intellectual sphere which he hopes will cause his memory to stand the test of time. His attempts to make a lasting philosophical contribution demonstrate Woolfs views regarding the human need for individuality and competitive success. Essentially, the alacrity of Mr. Ramsays frantic attempts at rising above the rest of society allows insight into Woolfs distaste with the need in todays society to focus on future personal accomplishment rather than happiness in the present. When Mrs. Ramsay dies, causing Mr. Ramsay to [lose] touch with the order of the physical world (Doyle 9), his attempts become scarcer, and his feelings of worthlessness reflect Woolfs view that humans base their sense of self-worth upon their permanence. This fixation with that which will come in the future is also visible in the character of Lily Briscoe. Lily dreads the fact that one day her paintings will be thrown into the attic and never again seen by the rest of society, leading to a fear of lifes ephemerality reminiscent of Mr. Ramsays. Whereas Ramsay searches for permanence in the intellectual world, Lily turns to her artwork for comfort. Her paintings act as methods of synchronically capturing events in diachronic time, exhibiting the dichotomy between the two dimensions of time and leading to insight as to Woolfs intent. Lilys paintings being forgotten parallels society forgetting the significance of that which has occurred and is occurring as a result of a preoccupation with the future and that which is to come. The colors included within Lilys paintings are ones which often are associated with cheerfulness or happiness (Stewart 2), symbolically indicating that Woolf believes humanity is forgetting the joy that is connected with living life. In addition, Woolf includes many aspects of her life into the novel, and it is often argued that Lily may be a representation of Woolf herself, signaling that Woolf has undergone an inner struggle similar to this one (Brivic 9). Woolfs personal connection to this issue may serve as an explanation as to why she wishes for her knowledge to take on a didactic tone regarding a carpe diem mentality. Finally, during the denouement of the novel, Lily Briscoe comes to terms with the fact that her life is ephemeral and that time will progress after she is gone, further demonstrating Woolfs views regarding societys obsession with permanence. Lilys ability to finally fulfill her artistic vision comes only after letting go of her need for permanence as she [lays] down [her] brush in extreme fatigue (Woolf 209) in the last line of the novel. This final portion of the novel is written in an extremely synchronic manner as Woolf painstakingly drags out every last moment of the plot, capturing the significance of each and every detail and underscoring the significance an instant of time can have. This is done in order to mirror the human experience of self-actualization as Lily reaches a sense of closure, further validating Woolfs portrayal of time. Because this closure comes only once Lily has accepted the inevitableness of the ephemerality and transience of a mortal life, it is indisputab le that Woolfs aim is to didactically demonstrate the downfalls of an obsession with the future and a refusal to accept the temporary nature of ones time on earth. This conclusion to the novel reinforces the significance of this fascination-fundamentally, Woolf posits that without recognizing the aspects of life that are truly important, humanity will not be able to reach the same self-actualization that Lily is able to accomplish. Woolf essentially wishes to persuade her audience that embracing the synchronic dimension of time (Gemmill 5) and leading a life focused on the present rather than the future is the most meaningful manner in which to spend a lifetime. By meticulously illustrating the human experience of relativity and the progression of time through the approach of a two-dimensional interplay, Virginia Woolf is able to point out a key fault in modern society. Her emphasis on societys fixation with the future and straying from a carpe diem lifestyle illuminates a potentially dangerous characteristic of that which humanity is becoming. Essentially, To the Lighthouse reveals that societys path towards living without being able to appreciate the significance and importance of each and every moment in time is one which will ultimately lead to its downfall if not reversed.

Communication Barrier Essay

Communication is defined as â€Å"an exchange of information.† It involved the transmission of ideas and thoughts. To communicate means that you share with others your concepts, your thoughts and ideas. Most of our time is spent in this mutual relationship by either speaking or listening. This ability to communicate is what makes man the unique creature that he is, with the ability to control and dominate, to build and maintain. Communications is a big thing in America. It is said to be our most vital and largest industry. We are awed by man’s methods of communication. We find them complete in oral, written or visualized form. In spite of this, communication is a big problem in our lives. Because of human nature, certain barriers exist making the communication process either ineffective or impossible. At times we just do not get through to people. This often results in misunderstanding. Many splits in congregations are due to the communications problem. Brethren have trouble talking to each other, they become estranged and some become enemies. Much of this can be eliminated if we understand some of the barriers to our communication. In the discussion that follows, the principal barriers to communicating effectively in today’s working environment are identified, and proven techniques for coping with them are considered. The principal barriers to effective communication are: noise, poor feedback, selection of inappropriate media, a wrong mental attitude, insufficient or lack of attention to work selection, delay in message transmittal, physical separation of the sender and receiver, and lack of empathy or a good relationship between the sender and receiver. Let’s now give four examples of communication barriers and the solution of each one as well. There are many communication barriers that come up during the communication process. First, there are physical distractions that interfere with the effectiveness of a communication attempt. For example, I work at a hardware store and I would be mixing paint for customer while another customer comes up to me and asks where something is located in the store. For this case, it can be many ways. You can ask someone else to attend to the customer, yet still be able to accomplish your job without losing the customer. If the first customer not around, you should attend to the other customer first and go back to your job. Second, we live in a â€Å"verbal† environment. Words constitute the most frequently used tool for communicating. Words usually facilitate communication; however, their careless, improper use in a given situation can create a communication barrier. Arthur Kudner, an advertising executive, once told his son: â€Å"All big things have little names such as life and death, peace and war, or dawn, day, night, hope, love, and home. Learn to use little words in a big way. It is hard to do, but they say what you mean. When you don’t know what you mean – use big words; they often fool little people.† The words we use should be selected carefully. Dr. Rudolph Flesch, a specialist in words and communication, suggests a way to break through the word barrier: use familiar words in place of the unfamiliar, use concrete words in place of the abstract, use short words in place of long and use single words in place of several. Unfortunately, almost every commonly used word has more than one meaning. Also words have regional meanings or derive new meanings as a result of the development of new industries or fields. The meaning conveyed by the sender’s words depends upon the experience and attitude of the receiver. Therefore, one way to penetrate the word barrier is for the sender to strive to speak or write in terms of the receiver’s experience and attitude. The better able he is to do this, the more successful the communication will be. Dr. S. E. Hayakawa, a U.S. Senator from California, expressed it very well when he said, â€Å"The meanings of words are not in the words; they are in us.† Third, the ability to empathize with someone else may not be easy. If you are to see things from another’s viewpoint, you have to put aside your own prejudices and preconceptions. The receiver may be of a different race,  creed, educational background, from a different section of the country, or have a different specialty or rank within the organization. Under these circumstances, the task of empathizing with the other member of the communication link is difficult. The task is further complicated if you believe that understanding another’s viewpoint may pose a threat to your own. To better communicate, we must try to see ourselves through the eyes of others in the communication link. By developing some empathy with the people to whom we will be directing messages, we might recognize the need to modify our messages from time to time before sending them. We should use easy word when we communicate with other people, let everyone understand easily. Not to ward, no technician word that people around the word will be able to follow. The last one, as manager, many communication barriers will turn out as well. Generally, managers make more frequent use of oral, rather than written, communication. However, the media one selects for communication in a particular situation should correlate with the feedback requirements. A communication failure or partial failure could occur if the media you select for transmittal of a message is inappropriate and necessary feedback is not received. Most simple messages can be transmitted orally – either in a face-to-face discussion, formal briefing, or meeting of the staff. More complex messages should be written in a directive, instruction, memorandum, or report. Very complex messages should be transmitted in both oral and written form. Repetition and review of an oral communication in written form can be a facilitating device. So the personal qualities of the manager should be a consideration in the selection. As manager, you should recognize your strengths and limitations. You should evaluate your successes and failures in communication and plan to use the media that best fits your style and qualities. From the above communication barriers and each of solution, we can observe that in today’s world, no matter what the communication barrier is, there is always to the solution over the barrier. It is just a matter of different  approach within you means and ability to execute the solution without losing any clients.

Kill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee, Fear, Gossip And...

Francis Jeffrey once said, â€Å"Opinions founded on prejudice are always sustained with the greatest violence.† This cannot be closer to the truth, especially in regard to the treatment of black people in the United States during their fight for equality in the 1900’s. To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in Maycomb, Alabama during the early 1900’s. The story is told from Scout’s point of view and follows the lives of her, Jem her brother, Atticus their father, and their friend Dill. Atticus is a lawyer and is defending a black man, Tom Robinson, against charges of beating and raping a white girl. Jem and Scout witness and are subject to prejudice on account of race, gender, and social class. In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, fear, gossip and stereotyping play a major role in the creation of discrimination and unjust prejudice between people, but these same people seek out common ground with others despite differences which is often times found by crea ting a common enemy which is observed and developed throughout the story by the main character, Scout. The town s prejudice against the Radleys makes them subject to gossip all because when Arthur (Boo) Radley was younger he was charged with â€Å"disorderly conduct, disturbing the peace, assault and battery,† (Lee 12) then locked up inside their house, â€Å"to give no further trouble†, by Mr. Radley. Scout, Jem, and Dill use Maycomb’s talk of Boo to fabricate their game of the Radley s lives, â€Å"It was a melancholy little drama, wovenShow MoreRelated The Extent To kill a Mockingbird critiques the cultural values of Maycomb Society3208 Words   |  13 Pages‘To kill a Mockingbird’ is a strong reflection of Harper Lee, the author’s, upbringing. Having been raised in the small town of Alabama in the 1920’s she was frequently exposed to prejudice and this inspired her to write a book, her only to date, loosely based on her early day s. Tom Robinson’s trial, set in Maycomb County, is a parallel to the Scottsboro Trial, which was an infamous case during Lee’s childhood, where a ‘negro’ was accused of rape. However the emphasis is based more on the lawyerRead MoreThe United States Department Of Defense2228 Words   |  9 Pagesprinciple that â€Å"all people are created equal†, the Pentagon, a national headquarters, discriminated against its employees for their race. Despite being the country’s center for defense, it could not protect itself from stereotyping and prejudice. The novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, highlights the unjustness of discrimination by following the trial of a black man accused of raping a white woman. The story is told from the perspective of two children, Jean Louise (Scout) Finch and her brotherRead MoreThe Voice Of Prejudice By Nelson Mandela2024 Words   |  9 Pagesan internationally acclaimed figure in the fight against racism, d escribes this idea as, â€Å"No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harper Lee’s renowned novel To Kill a Mockingbird, a classic of American literature, explores a story of prejudice through the lives of some small town Southerners in the early 1930’s. The book is narrated by Jean Louise Finch, also known as Scout, a tomboy who prefers to solve

Company Law Problem Question - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1410 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Coursework Question Fred and Anne have been operating in partnership for several years, running a business that renovates flats for rental. Occasionally Fred, who is responsible for repairs, has failed to get urgent repairs carried out when they are notified by tenants. One of the tenants, Lisa, has announced that she intends to raise a legal action against Fred, Anne and the partnership on the ground that the floor of her living room was allowed to become rotten and she fell through it and injured her leg. Inspection confirms the floor is rotten, and Lisa has evidence that she notified this to Fred many months earlier. When Fred heard about this legal action, and in an effort to escape liability, he immediately gave notice to Anne that he wished to terminate the partnership. Anne says that the problem was Fred’s fault and she and the partnership are therefore not liable. Anne spends a lot of her time at social functions where she does a lot of networ king. Recently she heard about an opportunity to purchase a building for conversion to flats. Anne then immediately formed a private company, Cheap and Cheerful Ltd, with her husband as the sole shareholder and director, and without Anne saying anything to Fred, Cheap and Cheerful Ltd has now bought this building at a good price and renovated it and has let it at a good profit. Much later, Fred has found out about this and wishes to make a legal challenge. For his next venture, Fred is wondering whether a private limited company would be a safer business vehicle than a partnership, for a flat renovation business, and would welcome information on how to form such a company. Advise Fred and Anne on all the legal issues relating to the law of partnership and company law that arise in this question. Answer: Partnership according to the Partnership Act of 1890(S.1) is the relationship that subsists between the partners carrying out the business with the view of profit. Ã¢â‚¬Ë œA partnership arises when a number of individuals are in business together, rather than in an employer-employee relationship. The legislation governing partnerships is the Partnership Act 1890.’ (Rati Shah MBE, 2011) Here, we see that Fred and Anne have been engaged in a partnership for many years. They run a business of renovating flats to be given on rent to the people. Fred being the partner in the business would usually take up the responsibility to do the repairs in the rented flats, if any. But he failed to make the urgent repairs when notified by the tenants. Lisa, being one such tenant, said that she would file a case against Fred, Anne, and the Partnership for not fulfilling their responsibility of making the repairs on the floor of her house which was rotten and due to which she fell and injured herself. Fred sent a letter to Anne to terminate the partnership (because he didn’t want to face the liability all by himself). Anne clearly told that the fault l ies in the hands of Fred and that neither the partnership nor she herself can be held liable. Anne later started off a private company, Cheap and Cheerful Ltd. with her husband. Without informing Fred about the new company, Anne through Cheap and Cheerful Ltd has now bought this building at a good price and renovated it and has let it at a good profit. Fred wants to make a legal challenge against Anne. He is also confused as to which would be a safer form of business for his next venture. A partnership or a private limited company? Well, there are many differences between a partnership and a private limited company. A company has more complexity in its structure when compared to a partnership. More people are involved in the decision making process. The shareholders decide as to how they can manage and run the company. Where as in the partnership, the whole business including the liabilities and profits are shared among the two or more partners of the partnership firm and its structure is simple. In a partnership, the partners are held legally responsible for all the debts and liabilities of the firm. On the other hand, in a company, the shareholders are not held accountable for the company’s debts. The company is a separate legal entity. Thus it holds itself liable for all the legal fees and the shareholders of the company are not jeopardy of losing their assets. A company is an artificial person. This makes the company in a position to make legal actions for and against those making legal actions in favor of or otherwise of the company. While, partnership isn’t considered to be a legal person and the partners own the properties of the firm and will be held liable for all the actions undertaken by the firm. The liabilities of the shareholders in a company are limited only to the extent of the shares that he holds. While in the case of partnership, the partners liabilities in unlimited. That is the reason why the partners’ personal a ssets can be taken to pay off the liabilities and debts of the partnership firm. Insolvencies of the company do not make the members of the company insolvent. But in a partnership, if the firm is insolvent, the partners are also considered insolvent. Partnership has lesser formalities and is simple. Whereas, a company is more formal and complex. Like for example, when a company is to be dissolved, strict formal rules are to be heeded while in the case of a partnership, dissolution can take place even by mutual consent. There is a Board of Directors who is elected by the shareholders of the company. But in a partnership, it is different. The firm is looked after by one or a group or by all the partners of the firm. No election takes place. Perpetual succession is present in a company. This means that if a shareholder of a company passes away or is considered insolvent, the company doesn’t cease to exist. It continues. This is in contrast to a partnership firm where if a partne r dies or is considered insolvent, the partnership ends and there is no such perpetual succession. For a company to come into existence, it has to get registered with the Companies Act, 1956. But in a partnership, that isn’t necessary. In a company there must be a minimum of two members (in a private company) and seven members (in case of a public company). But in a partnership there is a need of only two partners. In a public company the maximum number of members can be infinite and in a private company, they can have not more than fifty members. Contrastingly, in a partnership, the maximum number of members is twenty in a trading firm and ten in a banking firm. A shareholder in a company can transfer his shares but a partner can’t transfer his part of the shares without the assent of the other partners of the firm. In a partnership, the profits can be distributed equally or in proportions decided by the partners but in a company, the profits are distributed on the ba sis of the articles provided by the directors. Auditing plays a vital role in a company. But it is not necessary in a partnership. One the basis of the above differences between a private limited company and a partnership, I would advice Fred that a private limited company would be safer to be established for his next venture. They can start their business as soon as they receive the Certificate of Incorporation. There is no requirement of a minimum capital. A private limited company needs only a single director even though more can be elected. But, it is not allowed to have its shares listed on the Stock Exchange. It has lesser obligatory official procedures. All these make a private limited company more advantageous than a partnership firm. Especially when it is a flat renovation business, the risks can be minimized as formalities are less and the liabilities are only to the extent of shares held by the member(s). Excellent identification of relevant facts, making assumptions where appropriate and application of relevant law, covering all legal issues. Excellent use of primary and secondary sources (primary: statutes, cases, secondary: textbooks, journal articles) Answer is well structured with a clear introduction and conclusion, and logical development of argument. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Company Law Problem Question" essay for you Create order